Context and purpose. Obtaining the private GAP standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGAP has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of GAP standard with emphasis on GroupGAP in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGAP programs and the development of private GAP. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the GAP standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of GAP certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of GAP and GroupGAP. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining GAP standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

The purpose of this paper is to develop nonsmooth optimization problems (P) in which all emerging FUNCTIONs are assumed to be real-valued quasiconvex FUNCTIONs that are defined on a finite-dimensional Euclidean space. First, we introduce two linear optimization problems with the same optimal value of the considered problem. Then, we introduce a real-valued non-negative GAP FUNCTION for (P), and we provide some conditions which ensure that its null points are the same as the optimal solution of problem (P). The results are based on incident subdifferential, which is an important concept in the analysis of quasiconvex FUNCTIONs.

For a nonsmooth multiobjective mathematical programming problem governed by infinitely many constraints, we define a new GAP FUNCTION that generalizes the definitions of this concept in other articles. Then, we characterize the efficient, weakly efficient, and properly efficient solutions of the problem utilizing this new GAP FUNCTION. Our results are based on (Φ , ρ )− invexity, defined by Clarke subdifferential.

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is used as binder in propellants. Energetic ionic liquids are used as plasticizer to improve the properties of polymer. In the present study, firstly, ionic liquid was bonded to the GAP by certain amount and then the energetic anions of nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) were used to exchange anion. FTIR analyses confirm accurately anions exchange. DSC, viscometer and heat of combustion analyses have been carried out. The glass transition temperature, viscosity, and GAP energy were changed by anion exchange. Glass transition temperatures for ionic liquids with nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) anions were measured to be-43. 25 ° C and-40. 91 ° C, viscosities 4 Pa. s and 5 Pa. s and heats of combustion were 20. 46 kJ/g and 19. 98 kJ/g, respectively. The results of the analysis indicate that the ionic liquid with nitrate anion gives better results compared to the ionic liquid with azide anion.

Added value (doubled) of the auditing consists of two aspects: Controlling aspect and Creditability aspect. According to the creditability view, auditing adds the validity of information more because users can be sure that controlling factors are applied in reporting process and in improving the quality of information and so users and their uses of accounting information leads to full realization of the potential value of accounting information. Value of accounting information is finally subject to the use made of it, not of its preparation and reporting. In a few words, auditing decreases creditability problem resulting from of the conflict of interests. This research is dedicated to reviewing of expectation GAPs between auditors and users on attestation roles of independent auditors. In the questionnaires, we use certificated auditors and users of financial statements. Questionnaires are the primary instrument in data collection.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of family FUNCTION, generation GAP and socioeconomic status in addictability of young people.Method: The number of 400 male students from State, Azad and Payam Noor universities was selected through voluntary sampling. Then, they filled out Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire, Family Assessment Device, and Generation GAP Scale.Results: The results showed that there was a significant correlation between most factors of predictor variables and addictability. The proposed model has a desired goodness of fit with data and it I possible to use family FUNCTION, generation GAP and socioeconomic status to account for addictability of young people.Conclusion: Family FUNCTION and generation GAP can explain addiction susceptibility and, thereby, attention to this matter can lead to the proposal of some recommendations for addiction prevention and treatment.

A characteristic of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is to allow individual decision making units (DMUs) to select the factor weights which are the most advantageous for them in calculating their efficiency scores. This flexibility in selecting the weights, on the other hand, deters the comparison among DMUs on a common base. For dealing with this difficulty and assessing all the DMUs on the same scale, this paper proposes using a multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) approach based on scalarizing FUNCTION for generating common set of weights under the DEA framework. This is an advantageous of the proposed approach against general approaches in the literature which are based on multiple objective nonlinear programming.